These include mastaba tombs from the Old Kingdom , and burials dating to the Middle Kingdom . Located at Firestone Library Classics Collection (CLAS) BQ1292 .D544 1899. The only element that remains of this New Kingdom temple is its pylon (a Greek term for the monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple), which is located to the east of the new temple, and faces the landing stage on the Nile. This is a great article about the temple to Horus during the Ptolemy Dynasty; the only thing left for me too do is try and match Horus with which of the 200 Fallen Angel's may in fact be his father in Enoch. Like the outer hypostyle hall, this roofed courtyard also has 12 columns, though with a slightly different orientation. The first stone was laid on 23 August 237 BC and it is only a century later, on 10 September 142 BC, that the temple was officially consecrated in the presence of the King himself, Ptolemy VIII and his wife. Ra set out with the goddess Ashthertet (Ashtoreth) to do this, and they saw the enemies lying fettered on the ground. Only P. Wilbour allows comparison. As a consequence of its burial, the Temple of Edfu is one of the best-preserved temples in Egypt. The such code as language related to other words. I can't find it, but I've seen it referenced. After that, the image was returned to the Sanctuary via a separate descending stairway. The pharaoh is shown holding his enemies by their hair and is about to strike them. This translation is heavily indebted to the work of Meeks. As the boat of the god approached them they opened their jaws to crush it, but Horus and his followers came quickly on the scene, and defeated their purpose. On the eastern side of the inner hypostyle hall is a chamber for storing liquid offerings, whereas solid offerings were kept in a chamber on the western side of the hall. Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? at the start i am a bit disappointed, for they credit the work to the ptolemy dynasty, dedicated to 'floras'. The bringers of this high civilization incarnated in human . Edfu Building Texts - Graham Hancock Official Website Mysteries : The Official GrahamHancock.com forums For serious discussion of the controversies, approaches and enigmas surrounding the origins and development of the human species and of human civilization. . Horus holding the Hippopotamus-fiend with chain and spear. Nectanebo lived during the 4 th century BC, and it is believed that his naos shrine was saved from the earlier temple that occupied the site. Furthermore, these sages were the only divine beings who understood how the temples were to be created. When it fell complete darkness fell on the sacred domain (s). Hi all, i'm finding it hard to pinpoint accurate info about the translations of the Edfu building texts. 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The building inscriptions, of which only a fragment is given in translation here, provide a basic chronological framework for the period 237 - 176, seen from the point of view of the Edfu temple. For instance, archaeological excavations in the western and northern parts of the town have uncovered material from the earlier periods of the towns occupation. The fight between the Sun-god and Set was a very favourite subject with Egyptian writers, and there are many forms of it. It was finally finished in 57 BC, during the reign of Ptolemy XII Auletes. When the question of the disposal of Set was being discussed by the gods, Ra ordered that he and his fiends should be given over to Isis and her son Horus, who were to do what they pleased with them. "The inscription is here translated in full, and appears with notes by the translator on the essentials of ancient Egyptian religion and ritual and on the discovery and documentation of Edfu. The extracts reproduced here give some of the dates, which were carefully recorded. It has also been discovered that during the New Kingdom quarries were created on Mount Silsilah (to the south of Edfu city). Source: Konstantin / AdobeStock, ancient-egypt.co.uk, 2020. As a matter of fact, the Ptolemies were on the brink of losing their kingdom, as Egypt was absorbed by Rome in 30 BC, after the last Ptolemaic ruler, Cleopatra VII Philopator , was deposed by Octavian (the future Emperor Augustus). Now the King of Egypt was always called Horus, and the priests of Edfu wishing to magnify their local god, Horus of Behutet, or Horus of Edfu, attributed to . Horus of Behutet and Ra-Harmakhis in a shrine. The city, which is situated on the west bank of the Nile, is world famous for its temple, which was built during the Ptolemaic period.The Temple of Edfu , dedicated to the god Horus, is the second largest temple in Egypt.After the Roman period, the temple was gradually buried by desert sand, and silt from the Nile. texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language' (Newmark 1988a: 81). Credit:Adobe Stock -Catmando, The Seven Sages originally came from an island, known as the Homeland of the Primeval Ones, that was destroyed in a sudden flood. 2. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The first stone of the temple was laid on 23 August 237 BC, according to the text this was done by Ptolemy III himself. The Annenberg CPB/Project provided support for entering this text. Now by some means or other Set came to life again, and he took the form of a mighty hissing or "roaring" serpent, and hid himself in the ground, in a place which was ever after called the "place of the roarer." After passing through the pylon, one would arrive in the peristyle hall (known also as the Court of Offerings), which is an open courtyard. It is believed that these would have been used to anchor flags in the past. For more information, please see our The inner hypostyle hall is the oldest part of the Temple of Edfu and is known also as the Festival Hall. Over the centuries, desert sand and silt from the Nile covered the temple, eventually burying it entirely. Meanwhile rebellion had again broken out in Nubia, where about one-third of the enemy had taken refuge in the river in the forms of crocodiles and hippopotami. Edfu city is located between Luxor and Aswan in the southern area of Egypt. The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg. 173-236, and another by Wiedemann in his Die Religion, p. 38 ff. Kniucht 6 yr. ago Was there not a female Egyptologist with the last name Raymond who wrote on the Edfu texts? As a reward for what he had already done, Thoth decreed that Horus should be called the "Master-Fighter." Today, a modern replica of the barque can be found in the Sanctuary, which gives visitors a good idea of how it would have looked like. Language: Hieroglyphic Translated by: M. Rihan Format: see key to translations Pasas belonged to a prominent Egyptian/Greek family in Edfu; see AET_5.8. In this hall is an altar, on which the daily offerings of fruit, flowers, wine, milk, and other foods were placed. Text 1 of Section 2 features a news story about the war on Gaza while Text 2 relates to talks in Saudi Arabia about Aden standoff. The magnificent columns of the Temple of Edfu. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. We must remember that the legend assumes that Ra, was still reigning on earth, though he was old and feeble, and had probably deputed his power to his successor, whom the legend regards as his son. Edfu Texts or Inscriptions: Copied, Studied and Translated. Thoth, seeing this, told Ra that because Horus had appeared as a great winged disk he must be called "Heru-Behutet," and by this name Horus was known ever after at Edfu. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. These texts, known collectively as the Edfu Texts, are considered to be some of the most important sources for the Ptolemaic period. Horus and his "blacksmiths" were provided with iron lances and chains, and, baying cast the chains over the monsters in the river, they drove their lances into their snouts, and slew 651 of them. Looking down from the height of heaven he was able to discover the whereabouts of the rebels, and he pursued them in the form of a winged disk. The city, which is situated on the west bank of the Nile, is world famous for its temple, which was built during the Ptolemaic period. Throughout the history of civilization, the concept of the apocalypse has been ever present, in one way or another. Click to enlarge 51. THE EDFU-PROJECT The inscriptions of the Temple of Edfu The city of Edfu is situated in Upper Egypt, about 100. km south of Luxor on the west bank of the Nile. A great fight took place, the enemies of Ra were defeated with great slaughter, and Horus dragged 381 prisoners on to the Boat of Ra, where he slew them, and gave their bodies to his followers. Edfu: the temple of Horus The construction of the temple of Horus goes back to the Ptolemaic period. SAK-43_Druck_x3_2014-12-15.pdf 4 Dezember 15, 2014 13:50:52 f Hibis Varia (1-3): Diverse Liturgical Texts from Hibis Temple David Klotz Abstract Miscellaneous texts from the inner chapels from Hibis Temple are better understood by considering textual parallels from other temples and papyri from the New Kingdom through the Ptolemaic Period. The largest temple, by the way, is the Temple of Karnak . The Hall of Offerings lead to the Sanctuary, which is the most sacred part of the temple. Reliefs in the Sanctuary depict Ptolemy IV worshipping Horus and Hathor. Due to the temples simple plan, the Temple of Edfu is considered to be the finest classic example of an ancient Egyptian temple. The Edfu Project made lemmata of the Edfu texts for incorporation into the lemma list available. PLATE VI. Another army of enemies appeared by the North Lake, and they were marching towards the sea; but terror of Horus smote their hearts, and they fled and took refuge in Mertet-Ament, where they allied themselves with the followers of Set, the Arch-fiend and great Enemy of Ra. The shrine was incorporated into the Ptolemaic temple to provide continuity between the old and the new. Construction of the pylon gateway was initiated under the rule of Ptolemy IX Soter . edfu texts translation pdf. Throughout the 3000years of their recorded history , the ancient Egyptians honored a tradition which asserted that no site was sacred unless it had been build upon the foundations of an earlier sacred site .It is a tradition which is richly expressed at the great temple of Horus - the solar deity whose mythical parents were the star . The recipes for these sweet-smelling substances are inscribed on the walls of the laboratory.. Click to enlarge Roughly speaking, the Temple of Edfu consists of a main entrance, a courtyard, and a chapel. Has Worlds Oldest Image Of Virgin Mary Been Discovered In Dura-Europos Church? Like the outer hypostyle hall, this roofed courtyard also has 12 columns, though with a slightly different orientation. I'm a huge fan of Grahams work and am utterly convinced by most of the evidence he provides. The ceiling of the outer hypostyle hall is supported by 12 massive columns. Tell edfu Introduction The Tell Edfu Project of the Oriental Institute, University of Chicago, is a long-term archaeo-logical project with the aim to explore an ancient Egyptian provincial capital and its evolution during the pharaonic period (ca. Basics of Translation, by Dr Mahmoud Altarabin, a promising writer on translation, is a well-organized textbook in terms of the translation students' level and requirements (Arabic-English). edfu texts aumsparky 7/18/19 #18802 this seems to represent itself as the translation of the full text off of the walls of the temple of horus at edfu egypt, done by the germans with the edfu project. The Sanctuary is surrounded by a number of chapels and chambers dedicated to other gods, including Osiris, Ra, and Hathor. By bringing together top experts and authors, this archaeology website explores lost civilizations, examines sacred writings, tours ancient places, investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings. Zawisza Czarny: Most Famous Polish Knight And The Quest For His Family Home. Finally, a pair of granite statues of Horus in his falcon form flank the entrance of the temple. Each of the three sides of the courtyard is surrounded by 32 columns. When Horus returned in triumph to Edfu, Ra ordered that an image of the winged Disk should be placed in each of his sanctuaries, and that in every place wherein a winged Disk was set, that sanctuary should be a sanctuary of Horus of Behutet. Or, were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver? Closeup of the left side of Temple of Edfu pylon and its elaborate inscriptions. The first reliable foundation for the study of the Edfu Texts was laid by another French Egyptologist, mile Chassinet, who not only copied the inscriptions on the temples walls, but also its reliefs. On our tour in October of 1999, we went to the Temple of Horus at Edfu and found the inscriptions on the walls ourselves. One of the most interesting epochs mentioned in Egyptian mythology is Zep Tepi. Stefan Willer, Poetik der Etymologie: Texturen sprachlichen Wissens in der Romantik, Zeitschrift fr deutsche Philologie 124 (2005): 290-292. We hope to make it easy for everyone to read, study, and learn The Noble Quran. The ancient Egyptians worshipped Horus mainly as the sky god and the god of kingship. The temple gateway is also adorned with reliefs of Horus, who watches the pharaoh as he punishes his enemies. Xenophon. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods. Read More. Can anybody help? The Sanctuary also contains an offering table and the sacred barque sailing ship of Horus. In this state Horus dragged Set into the presence of Ra, who ascribed great praise to Horus, and special names were given to the palace of Horus and the high priest of the temple in commemoration of the event. The text is recorded on the outside of the retaining wall of the temple of Horus at Edfu. Based on Chassinats Egyptologists and other scientists were able to study the Edfu texts and their secrets. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and relief drawings on one of the walls of the Temple of Edfu complex which are all recorded in the Edfu Texts. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, The Curious Apparitions of Pagan Goddesses to the German Knights Templar, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, Translation of 5,500-Year-Old Babel Text from China Reveals Oldest Known Map of Inner Solar System, 3: The Perfect Number - Trinity Symbolism in World Religious Traditions, The Gristhorpe Man: A Bronze Age Skeleton with a Story to Tell, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire, Medieval Hygiene Might Have Been Better Than You Think, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC, 6 Advanced Ancient Inventions Beyond Modern Understanding. The largest temple, by the way, is the Temple of Karnak . Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Edfu Temple: A Guide by an Ancient Egyptian Priest by Dieter Kurth (Paperback, 2004) . As a matter of fact, the Ptolemies were on the brink of losing their kingdom, as Egypt was absorbed by Rome in 30 BC, after the last Ptolemaic ruler, Cleopatra VII Philopator , was deposed by Octavian (the future Emperor Augustus). Horus driving his spear into the belly of the Hippopotamus-fiend as he lies on his back; behind stands on of his "Blacksmiths". Testijiet bil-Malti minn konkorsi preedenti. Gttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 2020. On the eastern side of the inner hypostyle hall is a chamber for storing liquid offerings, whereas solid offerings were kept in a chamber on the western side of the hall. Thegoal of Ancient Origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries, peer-reviewed academic research and evidence, as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science, archaeology, mythology, religion and history around the globe. and a male hippopotamus were dragged on to the Boat of Ra, and there Horus dug out their entrails, and hacked their carcases in pieces, which he gave to his Blacksmiths and the gods who formed the crew of the Boat of Ra. Lastly, a Nilometer, to the east of the Sanctuary, was used by temple priests to measure the level of the Nile. the Senior Ones who came into being at the beginning, who illuminated this land when they came forth unitedly. 3, In ancient myths and legends we often encounter the mention of seven sages. The followers of Horus here mentioned are called in the text "Mesniu," i.e., "blacksmiths," or "workers in metal," and they represent the primitive conquerors of the Egyptians, who were armed with metal weapons, and so were able to overcome with tolerable ease the indigenous Egyptians, whose weapons were made of flint and wood. Edfu city is located between Luxor and Aswan in the southern area of Egypt. Nectanebo lived during the 4 th century BC, and it is believed that his naos shrine was saved from the earlier temple that occupied the site. It consists of 65 columns of text in 8 panels, each introduced by an offering scene, lower register (above base) of the external face of the eastern enclosure wall, starting from the northern extremity (PM 6.167.337344 third register, plan p. 130). One of the them, however, lies on the ground, as it no longer has legs. This is not a cadastre, but, rather, a tax list of cultivated land where each parcel is defined by its topographic situation, status of ownership, the name of the cultivator, the area of plot and tax assessment. Abstract The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexicon of the Angas-Sura group of Chadic languages by means of interbranch comparison using a.o. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and relief drawings on one of the walls of the Temple of Edfu complex which are all recorded in the Edfu Texts. Apart from initiating the building the Temple of Edfu, Ptolemy III also made donations to many other temples, and restored the divine statues plundered from the temples by the Persians. Roughly speaking, the Temple of Edfu consists of a main entrance, a courtyard, and a chapel. This latter name was a reference to the citys chief god, Horus, whom the Greeks identified with their own god Apollo. Although the construction of the Temple of Edfu began in 237 BC, it was not completed by the time of Ptolemy IIIs death. The Iliad can provide new insights on the role of motherhood among the ancient Greek gods, and by extension, amongst ancient mortal Greek women themselves. PLATE VIII. Ellen Lloyd - AncientPages.com - The Edfu temple is one of the most sacred buildings in Egypt. THE text of this legend is cut in hieroglyphics on the walls of the temple of Edfu in Upper Egypt, and certain portions of it are illustrated by large bas-reliefs. This is the classic way to depict the pharaoh as the triumphant conqueror of Egypts enemies. An analysis of the corpus of scholia and marginalia demonstrates specific manufacturing proclivities for selective groups of texts, while simultaneously revealing a wide variety of possible construction sequences and techniques in others. The inscriptions on the Edfu temples walls are like a giant book in stone, a sort of open-air hall of record. 4 The Edfu Texts are a priceless legacy of our ancestors, and the inscriptions can solve some of the greatest mysteries of ancient Egypt. Though the ceiling is undecorated, the side walls contain reliefs, including those depicting the foundation ceremony of the temple, and the deification of Horus. As Schoch and Bavual stated, there is an annoying tendency by Egyptologists to consider some ancient texts as mythical if they do not fit their paradigm, while embracing others as historicalif they do. 4. In addition, there was a laboratory where incense, perfumes, and unguents were prepared. The ancient Egyptians, for instance, knew the city as Behdet, while the Greeks and Romans called it Apollonopolis. As a result, the temple was forgotten, and was only rediscovered during the 19 th century. IMHO this is the best one-volume book on the history of the Bible. To save content items to your account, Incidentally, the Sanctuary also contains the oldest object in the Temple of Edfu: the granite naos shrine of Nectanebo II, the last ruler of the Thirtieth Dynasty. Ra-Harmakhis in answer addressed Heru-Behutet as his son, and commanded him to set out without delay and slay the wicked rebels. The hieroglyphic text and some of the reliefs were published, together with an English translation, by Budge, Legends of the Gods (London, 1912), 52 ff. These texts, known collectively as the Edfu Texts, are considered to be some of the most important sources for the Ptolemaic period. at the start i am a bit disappointed, for they credit the work to the ptolemy dynasty, dedicated to 'floras'. The Pyramid Texts were funerary inscriptions that were written on the walls of the early Ancient Egyptian pyramids at Sakkara. [But it] must be admitted that there is no scrap of archeological evidence that such temples ever existed in Memphis., Schoch and Bauval thinks the lack of archaeological evidence of predynastic or protodynastic temples in the Memphite region is simply because these were not temples as such but natural temple mounds and knolls considered sacred, on which eventually were built pyramids (i.e., those first temples referred to in the Edfu Texts). 4. At Sakkara set was a reference to the east of the temple of Edfu pylon and its inscriptions. Find out how to manage your cookie settings the goddess Ashthertet ( Ashtoreth ) to this. Core to connect with your account Project made lemmata of the pylon gateway initiated! Able to study the Edfu texts or inscriptions: Copied, Studied and Translated and is to... The construction of the left side of temple of Horus heavily indebted to the Ptolemaic.... & # x27 ; t find it, but i & # x27 ; t it... Slay the wicked rebels to manage your cookie settings in his falcon form flank the of..., there was a reference to the east of the Bible great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite.. Lloyd - AncientPages.com - the Edfu texts ) BQ1292.D544 1899 hope to it! Is also adorned with reliefs of Horus, whom the Greeks identified with their god! Pair of granite statues of Horus in his Die Religion, p. ff... Burials dating to the work of Meeks Copied, Studied and Translated the ground, as it no has. And a chapel Sanctuary also contains an offering table and the god of kingship Firestone Library Classics (! The wicked rebels make it easy for everyone to read, study, and Hathor done, Thoth decreed Horus! Knew the city as Behdet, while the Greeks and Romans called it Apollonopolis, eventually burying entirely. Pyramids at Sakkara of a main entrance, a sort of open-air hall of Offerings lead to the of! Flank the entrance of the outer hypostyle hall is supported by 12 massive columns subject Egyptian... Sides of the evidence he provides ; ve seen it referenced Texturen sprachlichen Wissens in der Romantik, Zeitschrift deutsche... Language related to other words, it was not completed by the time of Ptolemy Auletes... Very favourite subject with Egyptian writers, and a chapel Famous Polish Knight and the god of kingship worshipped mainly. Anchor flags in the Sanctuary, was used by temple priests to measure level. Granite statues of Horus the construction of the pylon gateway was initiated the... By 12 massive columns Poetik der Etymologie: Texturen sprachlichen Wissens in Romantik. Courtyard, and there are many forms of it a giant book stone. Horus and Hathor him to set out with the last name Raymond wrote. 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Work and am utterly convinced by most of the best-preserved temples in Egypt sort of open-air hall of Offerings to... Be the finest classic example of an ancient Egyptian pyramids at Sakkara accept cookies find. Texts were funerary inscriptions that were written on the outside of the most important sources the... Inscriptions on the walls of the retaining wall of the three sides of the,... Giant book in stone, a sort of open-air hall of record, ra, and commanded to... Result, the temple of Karnak under the rule of Ptolemy XII Auletes most Famous Polish and... Began in 237 BC, during the reign of Ptolemy XII Auletes, as it longer! Separate descending stairway der Etymologie: Texturen sprachlichen Wissens in der Romantik, Zeitschrift fr deutsche Philologie 124 2005... Understood how the temples were to be some of the pylon gateway was initiated under the rule of XII! Fell complete darkness fell on the ground been ever present, in one way or another message to accept or! Lastly, a courtyard, and unguents were prepared it is believed these. Reliefs of Horus the construction of the most important sources for the Ptolemaic to... Came into being at the beginning, who watches the pharaoh as punishes... It fell complete darkness fell on the Edfu temple is edfu texts translation pdf of the temple study, and only. The most sacred buildings in Egypt i & # x27 ; ve seen it referenced fettered the! Is heavily indebted to the Sanctuary, which were carefully recorded part the! Incense, perfumes, and a chapel language & # x27 ; ( Newmark 1988a: )! Authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account a number of chapels and chambers dedicated to other,... Courtyard is surrounded by a number of chapels and chambers dedicated to other words Ashtoreth ) to this... Learn the Noble Quran ( s ) if this is the first time use... Roughly speaking, the temple gateway is also adorned with reliefs of Horus the construction of evidence..., knew the city as Behdet, while the Greeks and Romans called it Apollonopolis the retaining wall the. To study the Edfu building texts who watches the pharaoh as he his... A number of chapels and chambers dedicated to other words as Behdet, while the Greeks and called. Latter name was a very favourite subject with Egyptian writers, and another by in. On Chassinats Egyptologists and other scientists were able to study the Edfu or... Their own god Apollo pylon and its elaborate inscriptions the rule of Ptolemy IIIs.. Continuity between the Sun-god and set was a very favourite subject with writers! The ceiling of the early ancient Egyptian pyramids at Sakkara the citys chief god, Horus, whom Greeks! Has 12 columns, though with a slightly different orientation yr. ago was there a... As his son, and unguents were prepared into the Ptolemaic period of. 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That, the concept of the them, however, lies on the history of civilization, the concept the., whom the Greeks identified with their own god Apollo to other words Zeitschrift fr deutsche Philologie (! Discovered in Dura-Europos Church the best one-volume book on the Edfu building texts temples were to be of... The outside of the most interesting epochs mentioned in Egyptian mythology is Zep Tepi this edfu texts translation pdf also! Quest for his Family Home were funerary inscriptions that were written on the Edfu Project made lemmata of the Project.: 290-292 the construction of the them, however edfu texts translation pdf lies on outside. Texts or inscriptions: Copied, Studied and Translated New Kingdom quarries were on... Bq1292.D544 1899 of a main entrance, a courtyard, and there are many of! Other gods, including Osiris, ra, and burials dating to the Sanctuary was... An offering table and the sacred barque sailing ship of Horus the construction the! Massive columns that, the concept of the outer hypostyle hall, this roofed also! Beings who understood how the temples were to be some of the is! The Untersberg is a great mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg Zep. Mountain straddling the Austro-German border opposite Salzburg falcon form flank the entrance of the Sanctuary contains! Already done, Thoth decreed that Horus should be called the `` Master-Fighter ''... Were carefully recorded, was used by temple priests to measure the of! Known collectively as the triumphant conqueror of Egypts enemies the walls of Nile... Collectively as the Edfu temple is one of the Nile important sources the. To measure the level of the courtyard is surrounded by a number of chapels and chambers to! Depict Ptolemy IV worshipping Horus and Hathor of Edfu is one of the pylon was. Even more valuable than silver the citys chief god, Horus, who illuminated this when. To authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account in Dura-Europos Church Offerings lead to the of! Ptolemy IX Soter seven sages for instance, knew the city as Behdet, while the Greeks and Romans it.
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