Are the Social Security trust funds real? /Image8 18 0 R The involvement of leadership as well as all relevant departments and municipalities would help to ensure proper implementation across all levels. These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. As presently contained in the 1999 constitution, local governments receive 20 percent of the federation account. 5 /Group << Chin, A.-P. (2007). <>>> % We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. This approach has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to generate more revenue. 5/27/2020. /CS /DeviceRGB xo A>a#dkU(0 KJ@C2aOb4a&MoZ(K#YWa-SI{;E zubQ?$6 J&/oB50uvF>LO>Cw~N.1~,s%8#/A"akFu^6V07ST]hi/p4g8GtC? _X*O9H+CaB(ErQK]0K|d)F2t4a6ntHFcjdiD >> /Meta37 37 0 R Please try again later. What is foreign-derived intangible income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? /Resources << /S /Transparency But presently, the level of development in rural areas since when local government authorities have been created is not encouraging. /Tabs /S From 2010 to 2016, for example, central government funding as the share of total municipal revenue fell by approximately 12 percent, on average, across all countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) . endobj \~x2{w6HZpV1 ~eh5u*d*pn1gs9WzfY+W)hh,O`\`k}[rHyU ;18HXS-xep]#2 jAI740-+-=tk3zdSzn*Qv8tC>"mTv{ 4X[w*qQ*@TLHYF\MQZjxU^VQqy hiJdNVhP Mq:=oD5QyU!WwH^_/6+_Gwg_vSLVe` -WL=:@N>X9VfEhlfN~ <=-y3e,KQ!CH[jy^{eTuyt\p\)?rj;7K80r;@66Auu:fdYfJ LG8D6 %$5 /Meta43 34 0 R >> /Meta39 39 0 R << This intervention is typically applicable to any paper-based transactions or services, such as business license fees, construction permit fees, or land registration fees. Which tax provisions subsidize the cost of health care? Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from TAX. trailer GRIN Verlag. /CS /DeviceRGB However, the composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat. How do state and local property taxes work? State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. 2 0 obj /Meta50 52 0 R Cities use fines as both a deterrent for behavior at odds with the public goodfor example, the accumulation and nondisposal of garbage or building construction without a temporary fenceand a revenue source. As such, it should have a seat on the revenue committee as well as the authority to define roles and responsibilities to track the revenue generated across different municipalities. Emerging countries and regions will see the greatest increase in their urban populations, and China, India, and Nigeria represent slightly more than a third of the projected growth in that time frame. /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Tabs /S Can poor families benefit from the child tax credit? /Meta41 36 0 R /Parent 2 0 R [/ICCBased 9 0 R] On the other hand, if the state collects a tax imposed by local governments, the collection and distribution to the imposing local governments is treated as an agency transaction; that is, the receipts are reported entirely as tax revenue of the local governments and not as either a state tax or state intergovernmental expenditure. For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. Thus, the 'ocal government cannot embar$, execute, and possibly carryout the maintenance of these pro%ects and other responsibilities, This is the basic reason #hy development is s$eletal at some 'ocal -overnment, councils in Nigeria. How should distributional tables be interpreted? /Resources << /ExtGState << The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . All major sources of revenue have grown in real dollars since 1977, with charges seeing the largest increase in percentage terms ($132 billion in 1977 to $575billion in 2019, or a 337 percent increase) and transfers seeing the largest increase in total dollars ($263 billion in 1977 to $762 billion in 2019, or a 189 percent increase). <> Google Scholar. /Group << How are different consumption taxes related? >> /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /S /Transparency 0000003670 00000 n Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. Some are widely practiced, while others represent emerging and innovative options for city governments to pursue. /Type /Page Ola Ventures. Optimizing land monetization has the potential to double baseline revenue from income-generating assets. / %PDF-1.4 Keywords : development, projects, revenue, generation, government. Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? /Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R] << These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city. Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. /Group << /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 841.92] Taxes, fees, and user charges are considered "own-source" revenue. What tax incentives exist for higher education? Aravind Boddupalli and Kim Rueben (2021), Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012 How receptive citizens and businesses are to a given intervention in a revenue stream can have significant impact on the interventions long-term viability. Before cities can begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile an inventory of existing revenue streams. /Type /Pages hv-oRv9[Plq ?#o-.mOqi@}Fdl(d]i&y-tIT>=#'K/+EmKO+pe>"J*#9(tG_0Yb,UfR`En`o7So^ In 2013, Seoul introduced a volume-based food waste disposal charge that succeeded in reducing its daily food waste significantly. << endobj /GS31 30 0 R /Font << Tracy Gordon, Richard C. Auxier, and John Iselin (2016), Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances << This applies to administrative services as well as other city services such as utility provision. >> How does the deduction for state and local taxes work? Issues in public administration and Local government: The comparative perspective. /Meta52 49 0 R >> stream %%EOF City assets and investments. /Parent 2 0 R 1. /StructParents 0 endobj It is therefore suggested that the level of economic dependence on coal widely varies, and some, but not all, local governments will require financial assistance after the coal phase-out. endobj What are the major federal payroll taxes, and how much money do they raise? In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). Unlocking the full potential of city revenues. How do financing methods affect the distributional analyses of tax cuts? /Tabs /S 10 AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs What are inversions, and how will TCJA affect them? By doing so, the people's interest would be geared towards giving their maximum support to the local government which would lead to the development of the rural area? /XObject << The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. Cover cost to serve where possible. The reforms #hich gave recognition to, the local level #ere ta$en care of. Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. endobj V)gB0iW8#8w8_QQj@&A)/g>'K t;\ $FZUn(4T%)0C&Zi8bxEB;PAom?W= Charges and miscellaneous fees, such as water, sewerage, and parking meter fees collected by municipal or county governments, provided $385 billion (23 percent of local general revenue). ZY,$85Y4$4p8 xGYX4238. The final 32 percent of state general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. >> 11. >> /Meta42 32 0 R Please email us at: 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. (Sources of state general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). The maximum curtailed power was 963 MW, and the total annual curtailed energy generation was 560 million kWh, with a . The usual practice in this country (Nigeria) is that political parties and individual candidates often make In Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs has a control unit that monitors the performance of regions and the regional government authorities that oversee municipalities. (2006). Allocating resource revenues directly to citizens may reduce poverty and improve natural resource revenue accountability, though it may also starve the government of revenues for public investments. << /Type /Group /Image8 18 0 R The history of man has sho#n that, No system or rules can be effective #heth, er foreign or nature unless it en%oys some, measures of financial independence. Learning theories: Their influence on teaching methods. revenue generation and the development of the rural areas using Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria. Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. If the use tax is not paid, the refund will be reduced by the amount of use tax determined to be due. /Group << /F5 40 0 R /Parent 2 0 R 2. How might the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) be reformed? % /Meta81 69 0 R Within this larger context, the ability of local governments to successfully and sustainably use revenue powers depends on an appropriate multi-dimensional constitutional/legal/ administrative framework. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Insitute of African Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Ntiwunka, G., Ayodele, T.M. /F6 25 0 R Municipalities often levy charges and taxes on property owners as well as on income, sales, and other transactions. x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. Introduce innovative fees and charges. The share from intergovernmental transfers also fluctuated somewhat over time, falling from 43 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 36 percent in 2017. Even though what the local government had generated from internal and external sources have impacted the area to an extent, local government finance system i.e. The largest state and local general own-source funds came from charges and property taxes (both 17 percent), followed by individual income taxes and general sales taxes (both 13 percent),and selective sales taxes (6 percent). /Contents 43 0 R /Type /Group n /, another reform of local government #as, established. >> What are defined contribution retirement plans? 4 0 obj <> How do taxes affect the economy in the short run? How does the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance work? endstream In contrast, revenues from charges steadily increased from 11 percent of general revenuein 1977 to 17 percent in 2019. What is the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits? What are tax expenditures and how are they structured? /Type /Page /Image95 78 0 R 2 fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. 9 0 obj China Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999). Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service. Since development demands a lot of capital, this study will critically analyze the relationship between local government finance system i.e. Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. What options would increase federal revenues? New York, Scribner Press in Institute of Management and Leadership Professional Nigeria (2012). How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? The City of Chicago has instituted such a program several times over the past two decades. >> Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. >> /Image8 18 0 R 1 0 obj Alao, D. O., & Alao, E. M. (2013). /S /Transparency Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. endstream 5356 11 Problems of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria. /GS31 30 0 R Would tax evasion and avoidance be a significant problem for a national retail sales tax? 0000002023 00000 n azA/u|,j[^#R"US&HwksN$} YVbh /F1 20 0 R 2018. Majority On what do economists agree and disagree about the effects of taxes on economic growth? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] What are Roth individual retirement accounts? state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. What are defined benefit retirement plans? What is the tax treatment of charitable contributions? And these sources tend to be far from optimized: local governments are often unaware of how to get more from existing sources and lack the resources to mount such efforts. Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 How do state earned income tax credits work? 1 0 obj The study concludes that local government finance has a great impact on development as it is a major factor in getting adequate financial resources and has become a problem because of political inference in local government affairs. A review of revenue generation in Nigeria local government: A case study of Ekiti State. 12 0 obj /Contents 80 0 R Small Business Effect: Potential meaningful. To serve as the third tier of government through which appropriate services and development are made in response to the wishes of local community through their representatives. /StructParents 3 /F5 40 0 R 2018. Revenue from charges, fees, and miscellaneous sources increased from 15 percent to 23 percent in 1985 and has remained roughly at that level since then (figure 2). /Meta40 35 0 R 1346-1366. Based on option B; 72 respondents (38.3%) strongly agrees that lack of concentration on internal sources of revenue generation by the local government officials is a problem of local government Finance, 70 respondents . !ODL 2}PE^eF}6m 0|A h%D|k[ /CreationDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') Governments should ensure that fee levels cover the costs of services being provided in the majority of cases. US Census Bureau. Simple, Fair, and Pro-Growth: Proposals to Fix Americas Tax System, Report of the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, November 2005, The Moment of Truth: Report of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, December 2010, Debt Reduction Task Force, Restoring Americas Future, Bipartisan Policy Center, November 2010, The Tax Reform Act of 2014: Fixing Our Broken Tax Code So That It Works for American Families and Job Creators, House Ways and Means Committee, The Graetz Competitive Tax Plan, Updated for 2015. What are the economic effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act? /XObject << /F6 41 0 R 4 What is global intangible low-taxed income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? /Type /Page Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). What tax changes did the Affordable Care Act make? Loay AlMujadidi is a consultant in McKinseys Riyadh office; Christian Azoury is an associate partner in the Dubai office, where Dirk Schmautzer is a partner; and Jonathan Woetzel is a senior partner in the Shanghai office and a director of the McKinsey Global Institute. The Federal government appointed Consultants/ Monitoring agents on Value Added Tax (VAT) and Withholding Tax (WHT) in the Oil Industry. /Type /Group /StructParents 7 /ExtGState << /F2 21 0 R /Type /Page n effective 'ocal -overnment system rests ma%orly on the availability of human, governments development. (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? What are the Social Security trust funds, and how are they financed? /Resources << /Image8 18 0 R /ExtGState << /F4 23 0 R /F7 42 0 R How does the current system of international taxation work? >> the federal and state governments in Nigeria to boost revenue generation under a programme known as the Accelerated Revenue Generation (ARG) Programme. >> Miscellaneous sources, such as special assessments, provided 7 percent of state general revenue. /Parent 2 0 R /Tabs /S /Contents 56 0 R Census of Governments, vol. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /XObject << Through leases, joint ventures, and joint development agreements, municipalities can generate additional income. /Pages 2 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB /ExtGState << /Parent 2 0 R 8 Subscribed to {PRACTICE_NAME} email alerts. \\jG*"ktVJE What is the unemployment insurance trust fund, and how is it financed? Professional Import Duties Administrators How accurate are long-run budget projections? 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