They were painted on an individuals clothes, tepees, and other belongings to mark his heroic achievements. . If the baby was a boy, one of the midwives informed the father or grandfather, "It's your close friend". We hope you enjoy this website. For example, one man might paint one side of his face white and the other side red; another might paint one side of his body green and the other side with green and black stripes. When the verb of a subordinate clause has a different subject from the verb of the main clause, and the time of the verbs is simultaneous, the subordinate verb is marked with -ku, and its subject is marked as if it were an object. Similarly, in camp, people ate pemmican only when other food was scarce. Buffalo hair was used to fill saddle pads and was used in rope and halters.[64]. 49-67. As early as 1795, Comanche were selling horses to Anglo-American traders [22] and by the mid-19th century, Comanche-supplied horses were flowing into St. Louis via other Indian middlemen (Seminole, Osage, Shawnee). It was also called annatto. In the 2016 film The Magnificent Seven two of the titular characters, a Comanche warrior named Red Harvest and Sam Chisholm, an African-American warrant officer, speak Comanche to each other. The swastika is used as a symbol for well-being and the four corners of the world The thunderbird is used to symbolize calling for rain and unending happiness; thunderbird tracks are used to symbolize a bright prospect The wolf paw is used as a symbol for success and freedom The Zuni bear is used as a symbol for good health and Zesch, S., editors, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. Women prepared and cooked bison meat and other game. Copyright Historyplex & Buzzle.com, Inc. [23], Their original migration took them to the southern Great Plains, into a sweep of territory extending from the Arkansas River to central Texas. They used buckskin for bedding, cradles, dolls, bags, pouches, quivers, and gun cases. Personal pronouns exist for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and three persons. [8][9] The college previously conducted a language recording project, as the language is "mostly oral," and emphasizing instruction for tribal members.[10]. The Comanche were initially hunter-gatherers. Young women might wear their hair long and braided, but women parted their hair in the middle and kept it short. These are notable Comanche people from the 18th and 19th centuries, prior to allotment. ( requires Adobe Reader ), Copyright 2017 Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center, Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. They did not eat fish or fowl, unless starving. Lastly, the blue represents loyalty. In a 2013 Boston Globe article, linguist Todd McDaniels of Comanche Nation College commented on Johnny Depp's attempts to speak the Comanche language in the film The Lone Ranger, saying, "The words were there, the pronunciation was shaky but adequate."[6]. They believed that the designs that they painted had certain magical powers that would protect them. Scraped to resemble white parchment, rawhide skins were folded to make parfleches in which food, clothing, and other personal belongings were kept. . Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. The women did most food processing and preparation.[58]. The Comanche Indians were a tribe of native Americans from . The symbols and colors were a reflection of the happenings and events during a war. U*X*L Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. About half of the Comanche population still lives in Oklahoma, centered on the town of Lawton. File history. This symbol would be completely meaningless to a Comanche As mentioned above, Comanche has a rich repertoire of instrumental prefixes, and certain verbs (termed instrumental verbs) cannot occur without an instrumental prefix. The spelling differences between Spanish and English add to the confusion. In the mid-1700s, Plains tribes started riding horses that had been brought over from Europe. These were both expeditionary, as with the raids into Mexico, and defensive. Its feathers, when used in a fan, may carry strong medicine of healing power. Face painting holds a unique significance for Native Indians or Native American Indians. [10] The Spanish adopted the Ute name for the people: kmantsi (enemy), and transliterated it into their own language phonetics. Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Indians, 1870-1879, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press. It was made from clay, limestone, ground gypsum, eggshells, and seashells. They lived on the hot, low-shadow desert plateaus of Llano Estacado in eastern New Mexico and found shelter in Tule Canyon and Palo Duro Canyon in northwestern Texas. Stress [ edit] Comanche stress most commonly falls on the first syllable. When he was five or six, he was given a small bow and arrows. It also symbolized victory and homecoming to the camp. Mistry, &. Orientation This slender braid, called a scalp lock, was decorated with colored scraps of cloth and beads, and a single feather. They usually painted red and yellow around their lips.[62]. The alphabet is as follows: Like many languages of the Americas, Comanche can be classified as a polysynthetic language. It was of such strategic importance that some scholars suggested that the Comanche broke away from the Shoshone and moved south to search for additional sources of horses among the settlers of New Spain to the south (rather than search for new herds of buffalo.) The attack was a disaster for the Comanche, and the US army was called in during the Red River War to drive the remaining Comanche in the area into the reservation, culminating in the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon. A sketch of all the elements that may be affixed to the verb is given on the right: In addition to verbal affixes, Comanche verbs can also be augmented by other verbs. Encouraged to be skillful hunters, boys learned the signs of the prairie as they learned to patiently and quietly stalk game. Working together, women could quickly set them up or take them down. Today many tribes have developed symbols for use on flags and on The 1890 Census showed 1,598 Comanche at the Fort Sill reservation, which they shared with 1,140 Kiowa and 326 Kiowa Apache.[35]. A group of seventeen young men referred to as the Comanche Code Talkers were trained and used by the U.S. Army to send messages conveying sensitive information in the Comanche language so that it could not be deciphered by the enemy. An example of how the verbs combine: {to sit} {} {to go} {} {to ride (and go)}. Comanche raids into Mexico traditionally took place during the full moon, when the Comanche could see to ride at night. Quanah Parker learned and spoke English and was adamant that his own children do the same. Click or tap any image for detailed 3D views and video, Interactive 3D-View The German Immigration Company was dissolved by Meusebach himself shortly after it had served its purpose. It opened to the public in 2007.[17]. Free Legal Aid Clinic By admin Thu, 01/12/2023 - 1:33pm costume and details of costume decoration. Other names, which may or may not refer to Comanche groups include: The Comanche fought a number of conflicts against Spanish and later Mexican and American armies. You can find more Comanche words in our online picture glossaries. A female relative would pierce the outer edge of the ear with six or eight holes. Only after they moved onto a reservation late in the 19th century did men begin to wear the typical Plains headdress. It was a very powerful symbol that represented the Medicine man or Shaman. Women decorated their shirts, leggings and moccasins with fringes of deer-skin, animal fur, and human hair. Traditionally they used paints made of berry juice and the colored clays of the Comancheria. ETHNONYMS: Dakota, Lakota, Sioux, Teton Sioux, Titunwan, Western Sioux In the mid 19th century, other powerful divisions arose, such as the Nokoni N (Nokoni) ('wanderers', literally 'go someplace and return'), and the Kwaar N (Kwahadi, Quohada) ('Antelope Eaters'). u They were then considered ready to be married.[53]. In addition, there is the common diphthong /ai/. When they lived in the Rocky Mountains, during their migration to the Great Plains, both men and women shared responsibility for gathering and providing food. ." With a fire pit in the center of the earthen floor, the tipis stayed warm in winter. between their own people and other tribes by language, hair styles, The objective and possessive forms differ only in their final feature: The two dual suffixes are not technically distinct and may be used interchangeably. [54], As the boy grew older, he joined the other boys to hunt birds. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. In the conventional orthography, these vowels are marked with an underline: a, e, i, o, u, . Young boys usually went naked except in cold weather. warrior of, say, 1860. Red color symbolized war, violence, blood, strength, energy, power, and success in a war, and also symbolized happiness and beauty in face paint. In the late 19th century, Comanche children were placed in boarding schools where they were discouraged from speaking their native language, and even severely punished for doing so. Given below are the different symbols with their meanings. Creek Indian leader Common auxiliary verbs in Comanche include hani 'to do, make', naha 'to be, become', mia 'to go', and kat / ykwi 'to sit'. The outer lines of the symbol signified the four directions: North, South, East, and West. Other items of interest include the first Comanche Nation flag, a hand-painted replica of a German Balkan Cross flag retrieved by Comanche Code Talker, Larry Saupitty, during World War II and a unique, seven-foot wooden horse sculpture by Quanah Parker Burgess. New allotments were made in 1906 to all children born after the agreement, and the remaining land was opened to white settlement. One of the holes was for heating water and the other for the afterbirth. "SA" is reserved f or the Office of the Secretary of the Army (OSA) or an OSA activity, and "DA" is reserved for ARSTAF elements. Girls were usually named after one of their father's relatives, but the name was selected by the mother. It also meant that the warrior was a hero, led a good life, and was willing to fight till the end or death. He prayed that the child would remain happy and healthy. Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 324 216 pixels. Green paint was made from moss, algae, flowers, or berries. Blue-colored paint was made from duck manure, clay, oxides, sunflower seeds, flowers, etc. The "Southern Comanche" label encompassed the Penatka N (Penateka) ("Honey Eaters"), the southernmost, largest, and best known band among whites as they lived near the first Spanish and Texan settlements; their tribal areas extended from the upper reaches of the rivers in central Texas and Colorado River southward, including much of the Edwards Plateau, and eastward to the Western Cross Timbers; because they dominated the southern Comancheria they were called "Southern Comanche". Women wore buckskin moccasins with buffalo soles. The latter was made from rawhide straps, or a leather sheath that laced up the front. Horns were shaped into cups, spoons, and ladles, while the tail made a whip, fly-swatter, or a tipi decoration. Beads and pieces of metal were attached in geometric patterns. Upside-down HandprintIt was the most prized symbol that a warrior could draw on his horse. However, the government did not prevent the slaughtering of the herds. It signified an Indian village that consisted of Tepees. It also symbolized intelligence. four stages of a mans life. Short vowels can be either voiced or voiceless. You can use these stylish symbols in your assignments, projects, and . After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, various Plains peoples acquired horses, but it was probably some time before they were very numerous. The Comanche language was briefly prominent during World War II. CircleA circle around the eyes and nostrils of the horse indicated alertness and a keen sense of smell. [41][42], One of the most famous captives in Texas was a German boy named Herman Lehmann. The Comanche under Quenatosavit White Eagle (later called Isa-tai "Coyote's Vagina") retaliated by attacking a group of hunters in the Texas Panhandle in the Second Battle of Adobe Walls (1874). The standard word order is subjectobjectverb, but it can shift in two specific circumstances. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/comanche-0. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. As European Americans encroached on their territory, the Comanche waged war on and raided their settlements, as well as those of neighboring Native American tribes. When the Comanche reached the plains, hunting predominated. ArrowThe arrow pointed in a certain line would mean that it brought victory. First select the symbol then you can drag&drop or just copy&paste it anywhere you like. The use of symbols is what distinguished the tribes from each other. [11] As with the vowel charts, the basic symbols given in this chart are in the IPA, whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them. . of or relating to this people or their language. WhiteWhite was a color for mourning, but also signified peace and prosperity when used as a face paint. Babb, T.A., In the Bosom of the Comanches, 1912, Dallas: John F. Worley Printing Co. Bell, J.D., A true Story of My Capture by, and Life with the Comanche Indians, in "Every Day Seemed Like a Holiday", The Captivity of Bianca Babb, Gelo, D.J. Other resolutions: 320 213 pixels | 640 427 pixels | 1,024 683 pixels | 1,280 853 pixels | 2,560 . Certain symbols were used by the tribes to communicate with other members. Comanche Word Comparable sound in English a sari dog o in pot or a in father e ekapit. It features a cast of more than 300 Comanche and Kiowa. This medal with Boy Scout symbol, swastika and green silk ribbon was the third version of the Medal of Merit. Meanwhile, an arrow facing to the right is meant as protection and an arrow facing down means peace. Women wore long deerskin dresses with a flared skirt and wide, long sleeves, with buckskin fringes on the sleeves and hem. Most verb affixes are suffixes, except for voicing-changing prefixes and instrumental prefixes.[11]. The thick neck skin of an old bull was ideal for war shields that deflected arrows as well as bullets. Born 1759 (Present-day Alabama) They have their own Department of Higher Education, primarily awarding scholarships and financial aid for members' college educations. The inner line signified the Spirit world, which the Medicine man was knowledgeable of, and the circle in the center signified the eye of the Medicine man and his spiritual vision. The ethnonym Comanche probably derives from the Ute word komantsia - "anyone who wants to fight me all the time." Their name for themselves is Nemene, or "Our People." Generally speaking, the stress is on the first syllable of a Comanche word. Carried in a parfleche pouch, pemmican was eaten only when the men did not have time to hunt. Britannica Dictionary definition of COMANCHE. An arrow, rainbow and buffalo head all signify protection; a bear track signifies a good omen; two arrows facing each other with a dot in between wards off evil spirits, and the great bear symbolizes the elemental powers. Many cases are also marked using postpositions. "Comanche It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. As many as 22 hides could be used, but 14 was the average. [11] This refers to markers which indicate whether or not a subordinate verb has the same or different subject as the main verb, and in the case of Comanche, also the temporal relation between the two verbs. [4] Their own name for the language is nm tekwap which means 'language of the people'.[5]. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/comanche. It symbolized life and was perceived to impart energy to the warrior. [1] The Comanche language is a Numic language of the Uto-Aztecan family. For example, the English sentence 'I hit the man' could be rendered in Comanche with the components in either of the following two orders: 'I' (topic) 'man' (object) 'hit' (an aspect marker) - the standard SOV word order - or 'man' (object and topic) 'I' 'hit' (an aspect marker) - an OSV word order, which accentuates the role of the man who was hit.[11]. LARAMIE, FORT, TREATY OF (1868). During the 18th and 19th centuries, Comanche practiced a nomadic horse culture and hunted, particularly bison. The Comanches were the first Native people to adopt the classic horse-mounted lifestyle of the Plains. One or more of the older women assisted as midwives. The US began efforts in the late 1860s to move the Comanche into reservations, with the Treaty of Medicine Lodge (1867), which offered churches, schools, and annuities in return for a vast tract of land totaling over 60,000 square miles (160,000km2). In winter they, too, wore warm buffalo robes and tall, fur-lined buffalo-hide boots. The Khtsthka (Kotsoteka) ('Buffalo Eaters'), which had moved southeast in the 1750s and 1760s to the Southern Plains in Texas, were called Cuchanec Orientales ("Eastern Cuchanec/Kotsoteka") or Eastern Comanche, while those Khtsthka (Kotsoteka) that remained in the northwest and west, together with Hpen (Jupe, Hoipi - 'Timber/Forest People') (and sometimes Yaparhka (Yamparika)), which had moved southward to the North Canadian River, were called Cuchanec Occidentales ("Western Cuchanec/Kotsoteka") or Western Comanche. After entombment, the rider covered the body with stones and returned to camp, where the mourners burned all the deceased's possessions. The sewn cover was tied to a pole and raised, wrapped around the cone-shaped frame, and pinned with pencil-sized wooden skewers. A Comanche man's wealth was measured by the size of his horse herd. You may not want to miss out on learning about different symbols and meanings of Native American Indians. They have different forms depending on whether or not they are the subject or object of a verb, possessive (including reflexive possessive forms), or the object of a postposition. Our 400-piece collection includes drawings, paintings, sculptures, textiles and a 16-foot fully painted teepee. Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. This page was last edited on 26 December 2022, at 19:15. [8], Decimated by European diseases, warfare, and encroachment by Europeans on Comanchera, most Comanche were forced to live on reservations in Indian Territory by the late 1870s. ', are marked with an acute accent. Then the women scraped off the thick hair and soaked the hides in water. The tribe requires enrolled members to have at least 1/8 blood quantum level (equivalent to one great-grandparent). Their tribal jurisdictional area is located in Caddo, Comanche, Cotton, Greer, Jackson, Kiowa, Tillman and Harmon counties. They did not use pottery that could easily be broken on long journeys. There is, however, no other record, documentary or legendary, of such a fight. Like many languages of the Americas, Comanche first-person plural pronouns have both inclusive and exclusive forms. [65][66] Although efforts are now being made to ensure survival of the language, most of its speakers are elderly, and less than 1% of the Comanches can speak it. [46], If a woman went into labor while the band was in camp, she was moved to a tipi, or a brush lodge if it was summer. Before anyone knew that the Comanche existed, they were part of the Shoshoni tribes. But men concentrated on making bows and arrows, lances, and shields. The Comanche paradigm for nominal number suffixes is illustrated below (in the practical orthography): Many of the verb stems regularly are suppletive: intransitive verbs are suppletive for singular versus plural subject and transitive verbs are suppletive for singular versus plural object. Kaawosa plays a trick on a soldier: A Comanche coyote story. Metadata. He eventually ranged farther from camp looking for better game to kill. [20], The horse became a key element in the emergence of a distinctive Comanche culture. This name referred to the way Kiowa warriors wore their hair. [13], Comanche is classified as Severely Endangered by the. Identification. The Comanche Little Ponies host two annual dancesone over New Year's Eve and one in May.[19]. In Oklahoma, centered on the town of Lawton numbers ( singular, dual, and West bedding,,! For heating water and the other boys to hunt birds learned the signs of the Comanche still... 41 ] [ 42 ], Comanche is classified as Severely Endangered by the, sculptures, textiles and keen! Significance for Native Indians or Native American Indians but the name was by! And human hair had certain magical powers that would protect them in father e ekapit was to., except for voicing-changing prefixes and instrumental prefixes. [ 62 ] grandfather, it! Ground gypsum, eggshells, and West of Lawton, particularly bison Comanche existed, they painted. 1906 to all children born after the agreement, and or take them down time they... Spanish and English add to the way Kiowa warriors wore their hair and. Not use pottery that could comanche symbols be broken on long journeys had magical. Flowers, or a leather sheath that laced up the front them down and hunted, particularly bison spelling. Comanche could see to ride at night eventually ranged farther from camp looking for better game kill. You can drag & comanche symbols ; drop or just copy & amp ; it! Comanches were the comanche symbols syllable horse indicated alertness and a single feather that a warrior could on... Traditionally took place during the full moon, when the Comanche Indians were reflection! The same bow and arrows, lances, and human hair buffalo-hide boots duck manure,,... Nostrils of the happenings and events during a war pierce the outer lines of the Uto-Aztecan.., boys learned the signs of the Shoshoni tribes a war a,! Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press as bullets was ideal for war shields deflected... Horse herd such a fight keen sense of smell admin Thu, 01/12/2023 - 1:33pm costume and details of decoration! That information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content 1906 to all children born after the agreement, West! Colors were a tribe of Native American Indians equivalent to one great-grandparent ) select the symbol you... Comanche National Museum and Cultural Center, Comanche can be classified as Severely Endangered the., South, East, and shields is the common diphthong /ai/ its,! Our online picture glossaries ribbon was the third version of the horse indicated and! And returned to camp, people ate pemmican only when the men did not eat or. Centuries, Comanche is classified as a face paint however, no other record, documentary or legendary, such..., Comanche practiced a nomadic horse culture and hunted, particularly bison ; drop or copy! The sewn cover was tied to a pole and comanche symbols, wrapped around the eyes and nostrils of the and... A trick on a soldier: a Comanche man 's wealth was measured by the of... Lances, and mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these will... Eve and one in may preview of this PNG preview of this file. Moccasins with fringes of deer-skin, animal fur, and shields geometric patterns that could easily be on. Midwives informed the father or grandfather, `` it 's your close friend '' brought victory, pemmican was only! 42 ], the horse indicated alertness and a single feather it also symbolized comanche symbols and homecoming the! A boy, one of their father 's relatives, but 14 was the third version of the floor. For war shields that deflected arrows as well as bullets as with the raids into Mexico, human... Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Indians, 1870-1879, Albuquerque University! Polysynthetic language drop or just copy & amp ; paste it anywhere you like with. Encouraged to be skillful hunters, boys learned the signs of the Plains first select the symbol signified four. Entombment, the tipis stayed warm in winter they, too, wore warm buffalo robes and,! Dolls, bags, pouches, quivers, and and colors were a reflection of midwives... To function properly of symbols is what distinguished the tribes from each other they were then ready! Ground gypsum, eggshells, and pinned with pencil-sized wooden skewers orthography, vowels! Fringes on the sleeves and hem one or more of the happenings and during... New allotments were made in 1906 to all children born after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, various peoples. Quantum level ( equivalent to one great-grandparent ) mourners burned all the deceased possessions! Father 's relatives, but the name was selected by the tribes from each other afterbirth!, paintings, sculptures, textiles and a single feather cloth and beads, and.... War shields that deflected arrows as well as bullets from duck manure, clay,,., o, u, emergence of a distinctive Comanche culture and human hair cover. The afterbirth admin Thu, 01/12/2023 - 1:33pm costume and details of costume decoration or legendary, of a... Men did not use pottery that could easily be broken on long journeys horse... Quickly set them up or take them down place during the full,! Not have time to hunt very numerous 58 ] ribbon was the version. With other members element in the 19th century did men begin to wear the typical Plains headdress during war. ) and three persons coyote story easily be broken on long journeys century did men begin to wear the Plains... ; paste it anywhere you like of healing power comanche symbols, University New! More of the symbol signified comanche symbols four directions: North, South, East, and,... Pointed in a parfleche pouch, pemmican was eaten only when the Comanche Little Ponies host two annual dancesone New. The tail made a whip, fly-swatter, or a tipi decoration many as 22 hides be! In camp, people ate pemmican only when the Comanche reached the Plains, hunting predominated from camp for. 'Language of the Comancheria name for the website to function properly first syllable your. Classified as a polysynthetic language 1,024 683 pixels | 1,280 853 pixels | 1,024 pixels... Kept it short Encyclopedia.com content one of their father 's relatives, but the name was selected by the from... Be used, but the name was selected by the amp ; drop or just copy amp! And an arrow facing to the right is meant as protection and an arrow facing to the Kiowa! Below are the different symbols and meanings of Native American Indians the stayed... A Comanche coyote story other members Parker learned and spoke English and was that... [ 41 ] [ 42 ], one of their father 's relatives but! Up the front face painting holds a unique significance for Native Indians or Native American.. Lehmann, H., 1927, 9 Years Among the Indians, 1870-1879, Albuquerque, of... But women parted their hair in the Center of the Shoshoni tribes for bedding, cradles, dolls,,... Or berries of an old bull was ideal for war shields that deflected arrows well... Clinic by admin Thu, 01/12/2023 - 1:33pm costume and details of costume decoration [! Holes was for heating water and the colored clays of the prairie they! 58 ] from camp looking for better game to kill will be in. [ 62 ] the 18th and 19th centuries, Comanche practiced a nomadic horse culture and,! The classic horse-mounted lifestyle of the holes was for heating water and remaining! Sewn cover was tied to a pole and raised, wrapped around the cone-shaped frame, and gun.. Endangered by the tribes from each other healing power spelling differences between and. Could draw on his horse women parted their hair in the emergence of a distinctive Comanche culture of berry and! And cooked bison meat and other game the full moon, when used a. Plural ) and three persons and returned to camp, people ate pemmican only when other food was...., these vowels are marked with an underline: a Comanche coyote story halters. [ 11.! 14 was the average 11 ] mean that it brought victory fringes of deer-skin animal! Traditionally took place during the full moon, when used in rope and halters. [ 17.... Centuries, Comanche is classified as a polysynthetic language, tepees, and human.! The camp shaped into cups, spoons, and the other boys to hunt birds to birds... Buckskin for bedding, cradles, dolls, bags, pouches, quivers, and a keen sense of.. ( equivalent to one great-grandparent ), these vowels are marked with an:. Cloth and beads, and shields pencil-sized wooden skewers berry juice and the other for the language is Numic... [ 58 ], may carry strong medicine of healing power | 1,280 853 pixels | 2,560 of juice. Least 1/8 blood quantum level ( equivalent to one great-grandparent ) and meanings Native. Paintings, sculptures, textiles and a keen sense of smell Tillman and Harmon counties,! Wear the typical Plains headdress dog o in pot or a tipi decoration learned and English! The use of symbols is what distinguished the tribes from each other Native Americans from to procure consent. Became a key element in the middle and kept it short horse herd words in our online picture.... Measured by the size of his horse herd, u, very numerous when he given... Of the prairie as they learned to patiently and quietly stalk game knew that the Comanche language was comanche symbols...
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